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Relative pronouns

After this lesson you can build longer, connected sentences with qui, que, où, dont, ce qui and ce que, and write a clean professional email from opening to sign-off.

52 core words · 14 bonus cognates · 15 phrases

Pronunciation

Silent final consonants and when they wake up

French writes many final consonants it does not pronounce. The big four are -s, -t, -x, -d:

  • -s: les gens /le ʒɑ̃/, trois /tʁwa/, le repas /ʁə.pa/
  • -t: petit /pə.ti/, le magasin est fermé /ɛ/, rapidement, désormais (-s silent too)
  • -x: deux /dø/, heureux /œ.ʁø/, le prix /pʁi/
  • -d: grand /gʁɑ̃/, le pied /pje/, quand /kɑ̃/

German pronounces every final consonant (and even hardens it: Hand /hant/). English is closer: think of the silent t in ballet or buffet, which came from French.

Liaison: the consonant comes back

Before a word starting with a vowel or mute h, the sleeping consonant is pronounced and glued to the next word. It often changes its sound:

Written Liaison sound Example Pronounced
-s, -x /z/ deux ans, les amis, vous avez /dø.zɑ̃/, /le.za.mi/, /vu.za.ve/
-t /t/ petit ami, c'est important /pə.ti.ta.mi/, /sɛ.tɛ̃.pɔʁ.tɑ̃/
-d /t/ grand homme, quand il vient /gʁɑ̃.tɔm/, /kɑ̃.til.vjɛ̃/
-n /n/ un ami, on a /œ̃.na.mi/, /ɔ̃.na/

Note: -d becomes /t/ in liaison, like German final devoicing (Hund /hʊnt/). Funny how German helps here.

When to link

  • Always: article + noun (les_enfants), pronoun + verb (ils_ont, nous_allons), adjective + noun (petit_ami, grand_homme), after short words like très, dans, chez, en (très_important, dans_un mois).
  • Never: after et (et / il), before an aspirated h (les héros /le.e.ʁo/, no /z/: otherwise it sounds like les zéros!), after a singular noun (un repas / excellent).

Tip: In emails you write Vous_avez reçu..., Nous_espérons...: read them aloud with the /z/ and you will sound instantly more natural.

Grammar

Relative pronouns: qui, que, où, dont, ce qui, ce que

Relative pronouns connect two sentences. German changes der/die/das/dem/dessen; English has who/which/that/whose. French chooses by function in the relative clause, never by gender or person.

qui = subject (usually followed by a verb)

  • Le client qui a téléphoné attend une réponse. The customer who called is waiting for an answer.
  • C'est un dossier qui pose problème. It's a file that causes trouble.

qui never elides: l'homme qui arrive (not qu'arrive).

que = direct object (usually followed by a subject)

  • Le document que vous m'avez envoyé est très clair. The document (that) you sent me is very clear.
  • La décision qu'il a prise est rapide. The decision he took is quick.

English can drop that: the file I need. French never drops que: le dossier que je cherche. Note the agreement: with avoir, the past participle agrees with a preceding direct object: la décision qu'il a prise.

Quick test: what follows? A verb → qui. A subject (je, vous, le client...) → que.

où = place and time

  • Le magasin où j'ai acheté ça est fermé. The shop where I bought that is closed.
  • Le jour où nous avons signé... The day (when) we signed... (German der Tag, an dem; English when, French où!)

dont = replaces de + something

Use dont with verbs and expressions that take de: parler de, avoir besoin de, se souvenir de, être content de.

  • Voici le document dont vous avez besoin. Here is the document you need. (avoir besoin de)
  • C'est le projet dont je vous ai parlé. That's the project I told you about. (parler de)
  • Une entreprise dont le directeur est italien. A company whose director is Italian. (dont = whose, German deren/dessen)

Word order after dont stays normal: dont le directeur est... (not dont est le directeur).

ce qui / ce que = what (the thing that)

When there is no noun to refer to, add ce. English what, German was:

  • Ce qui est important, c'est la date. What matters is the date. (subject → ce qui)
  • Je ne comprends pas ce que vous voulez. I don't understand what you want. (object → ce que)
  • Dites-moi ce dont vous avez besoin. Tell me what you need. (ce dont)

Careful: in questions, what is qu'est-ce que or que: Qu'est-ce que vous voulez ? But inside a sentence it becomes ce que: Je sais ce que vous voulez.

With prepositions: lequel, auquel

After a preposition use qui for people and lequel/laquelle for things. à + lequel = auquel:

  • La personne avec qui je travaille. The person I work with.
  • Le problème auquel nous pensons. The problem we're thinking about.
  • La raison pour laquelle j'écris. The reason (why) I'm writing.

Summary

Function Pronoun English German
subject qui who / which / that der, die, das
object que (that) den, die, das
place / time où where / when wo, an dem
de + ... dont of which / whose dessen, deren, von dem
no noun ce qui / ce que what was
Cognate pattern

-que = -c / -k / -ck (banque, risque, typique)

French writes the /k/ sound at the end of a word as -que. English uses -c, -k or -ck; German uses -k or -ck. Adjectives in -ique match English -ic / -ical and German -isch: an easy multiplier.

French English German
la banque bank die Bank
le risque risk das Risiko
la marque brand, mark die Marke
le chèque cheque (check) der Scheck
le kiosque kiosk der Kiosk
la musique music die Musik
la politique politics, policy die Politik
la tactique tactic(s) die Taktik
la caractéristique characteristic das Merkmal
automatique automatic automatisch
typique typical typisch
artistique artistic künstlerisch
diplomatique diplomatic diplomatisch
stratégique strategic strategisch
démocratique democratic demokratisch
psychologique psychological psychologisch
exotique exotic exotisch
téléphonique telephone (adj.) telefonisch
authentique authentic authentisch

Traps

  • -ique adjectives have the same form in masculine and feminine: un prix typique, une cuisine typique.
  • pittoresque = picturesque (here -esque = -esque, German malerisch).
  • la critique = criticism / review; critique (adj.) = critical. la pratique = practice; pratique = practical, handy.
  • la marque is mostly brand (une marque allemande), not a school mark (that's une note).
  • un appel téléphonique = a phone call: French needs the adjective where German makes a compound (Telefonanruf).