Nasal vowels: an, on, in, un
Nasal vowels are the most French sound of all. The air goes through mouth and nose at the same time, and the n or m itself is not pronounced. Never add an n or ng at the end: bon is /bɔ̃/, not bonn or bong.
German speakers already know some of these from loanwords: Bonbon, Balkon, Restaurant, Teint, Parfum.
The four nasals
| Spelling | IPA | Comparison | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| an, am, en, em | /ɑ̃/ | open a as in German Kahn, through the nose | l'an, la chambre, en, le temps |
| on, om | /ɔ̃/ | rounded o as in German Bonbon | bon, le nom, non, ils ont |
| in, im, ain, ein, (i)en | /ɛ̃/ | open ä as in German Teint | la main, vingt, plein, bien |
| un, um | /œ̃/ | ö through the nose; many speakers say /ɛ̃/ | un, lundi, le parfum |
The hardest pair for Germans is /ɑ̃/ vs /ɔ̃/: le temps /tɑ̃/ (time) vs le thon /tɔ̃/ (tuna); l'an /ɑ̃/ (year) vs on /ɔ̃/ (we). For /ɑ̃/ open the mouth wide; for /ɔ̃/ round the lips as for o.
Note: en usually sounds /ɑ̃/ (enfant /ɑ̃fɑ̃/), but -ien sounds /jɛ̃/: bien, rien.
When vowel + n/m is NOT nasal
The vowel is a normal oral vowel and the n/m is pronounced when:
- a vowel follows the n/m: une /yn/, la panique /panik/, aime /ɛm/, américaine /ameʁikɛn/
- the n/m is doubled: Anne /an/, bonne /bɔn/, la femme /fam/, comme /kɔm/
This creates many masculine/feminine pairs you can hear:
| Nasal (m) | Not nasal (f) |
|---|---|
| un /œ̃/ | une /yn/ |
| bon /bɔ̃/ | bonne /bɔn/ |
| italien /italjɛ̃/ | italienne /italjɛn/ |
| américain /ameʁikɛ̃/ | américaine /ameʁikɛn/ |
Trap: the verb ending -ent in ils ont, ils parlent is silent, not nasal: ils parlent /paʁl/. Only -ent in nouns and adverbs is nasal: le moment, vraiment.