Course / Leçon 3 of 40

Avoir and il y a

After this lesson you can conjugate avoir, use the everyday avoir expressions (hunger, thirst, age, needs), say what there is with il y a, check into a hotel, and pronounce the four French nasal vowels.

52 core words · 15 bonus cognates · 16 phrases

Pronunciation

Nasal vowels: an, on, in, un

Nasal vowels are the most French sound of all. The air goes through mouth and nose at the same time, and the n or m itself is not pronounced. Never add an n or ng at the end: bon is /bɔ̃/, not bonn or bong.

German speakers already know some of these from loanwords: Bonbon, Balkon, Restaurant, Teint, Parfum.

The four nasals

Spelling IPA Comparison Examples
an, am, en, em /ɑ̃/ open a as in German Kahn, through the nose l'an, la chambre, en, le temps
on, om /ɔ̃/ rounded o as in German Bonbon bon, le nom, non, ils ont
in, im, ain, ein, (i)en /ɛ̃/ open ä as in German Teint la main, vingt, plein, bien
un, um /œ̃/ ö through the nose; many speakers say /ɛ̃/ un, lundi, le parfum

The hardest pair for Germans is /ɑ̃/ vs /ɔ̃/: le temps /tɑ̃/ (time) vs le thon /tɔ̃/ (tuna); l'an /ɑ̃/ (year) vs on /ɔ̃/ (we). For /ɑ̃/ open the mouth wide; for /ɔ̃/ round the lips as for o.

Note: en usually sounds /ɑ̃/ (enfant /ɑ̃fɑ̃/), but -ien sounds /jɛ̃/: bien, rien.

When vowel + n/m is NOT nasal

The vowel is a normal oral vowel and the n/m is pronounced when:

  1. a vowel follows the n/m: une /yn/, la panique /panik/, aime /ɛm/, américaine /ameʁikɛn/
  2. the n/m is doubled: Anne /an/, bonne /bɔn/, la femme /fam/, comme /kɔm/

This creates many masculine/feminine pairs you can hear:

Nasal (m) Not nasal (f)
un /œ̃/ une /yn/
bon /bɔ̃/ bonne /bɔn/
italien /italjɛ̃/ italienne /italjɛn/
américain /ameʁikɛ̃/ américaine /ameʁikɛn/

Trap: the verb ending -ent in ils ont, ils parlent is silent, not nasal: ils parlent /paʁl/. Only -ent in nouns and adverbs is nasal: le moment, vraiment.

Grammar

avoir, avoir expressions and il y a

avoir (to have) in the present

Pronoun avoir Pronunciation
j' ai /ʒe/
tu as /a/
il / elle / on a /a/
nous avons /nuzavɔ̃/
vous avez /vuzave/
ils / elles ont /ilzɔ̃/

Je becomes j' because ai starts with a vowel. Liaison is compulsory in the plural: nous‿avons, vous‿avez, ils‿ont.

Do not confuse ils ont /ilzɔ̃/ (they have, with a /z/) and ils sont /ilsɔ̃/ (they are, with an /s/). One sound changes the meaning.

  • J'ai une réservation. (I have a reservation.)
  • Vous avez une chambre pour ce soir ? (Do you have a room for tonight?)
  • Nous avons deux enfants. (We have two children.)
  • Ils ont le wifi. (They have wifi.)

Expressions with avoir

Where English uses to be, French often uses avoir + a noun. German does the same in several cases (Ich habe Hunger), so you have an advantage.

French English German
avoir faim to be hungry Hunger haben
avoir soif to be thirsty Durst haben
avoir sommeil to be sleepy müde sein
avoir froid / chaud to be cold / hot frieren / es heiß haben
avoir peur (de) to be afraid (of) Angst haben (vor)
avoir raison to be right recht haben
avoir tort to be wrong unrecht haben
avoir besoin de to need brauchen
avoir envie de to feel like, to want Lust haben auf
avoir ... ans to be ... years old ... Jahre alt sein
  • J'ai trente ans. (I am thirty.) Never je suis trente.
  • Tu as raison. (You are right.)
  • On a besoin d'un taxi. (We need a taxi.)
  • J'ai envie d'un café. (I feel like a coffee.)
  • Elle a froid. (She is cold.) But Il fait froid. (The weather is cold.)

After besoin de and envie de, de becomes d' before a vowel: besoin d'aide, envie d'un thé.

il y a: there is, there are

Il y a is a fixed chunk, like German es gibt. It never changes for the plural:

  • Il y a un restaurant ici. (There is a restaurant here.)
  • Il y a deux lits dans la chambre. (There are two beds in the room.)

Questions: Il y a un ascenseur ? (spoken) or Est-ce qu'il y a un ascenseur ? (neutral). Est-ce que simply turns a statement into a question, like a spoken question mark.

Negation: un, une, des become de

After ne ... pas, the indefinite articles un, une, des become de (d' before a vowel). German does something similar with kein:

  • J'ai une clé. → Je n'ai pas de clé. (I have no key.)
  • Il y a des serviettes. → Il n'y a pas de serviettes. (There are no towels.)
  • Il y a un ascenseur. → Il n'y a pas d'ascenseur. (There is no lift.)

The definite articles stay: Je n'ai pas la clé. (I don't have the key.)

Bonus: il y a = ago

With a time expression, il y a means ago (German vor): il y a deux jours (two days ago).

Cognate pattern

-ique = -ic = -isch / -ik

French -ique corresponds to English -ic or -ical and to German -isch (adjectives) or -ik (nouns). Pronounce it /ik/, with the light final stress: po-li-TIQUE, é-co-no-MIQUE.

As an adjective, -ique has the same form for masculine and feminine: un problème technique, une solution technique. Only the plural adds -s.

French English German
politique political / politics politisch / die Politik
économique economic, economical wirtschaftlich
la musique music die Musik
pratique practical, handy praktisch
électrique electric elektrisch
technique technical technisch / die Technik
classique classic, classical klassisch
logique logical logisch
historique historic, historical historisch
dramatique dramatic dramatisch
identique identical identisch
sympathique nice, friendly sympathisch
la république republic die Republik
la clinique clinic, private hospital die Klinik
la panique panic die Panik
la critique criticism, review die Kritik
typique typical typisch
magnifique magnificent großartig

Traps

  • sympathique (colloquial sympa) means nice, likeable, exactly like German sympathisch, not English sympathetic (= compatissant).
  • économique also means cheap, economical: une voiture économique (a fuel-efficient car).
  • la critique is both criticism and a review (film, book): une bonne critique = a good review.
  • pratique often means handy, convenient: C'est pratique ! (That's handy!)
  • public keeps the English spelling in the masculine but has publique in the feminine: le service public, l'opinion publique. Same for grec / grecque.
  • la clinique is usually a private hospital; a public one is l'hôpital.