Course / Leçon 30 of 40

On and the passive

After this lesson you can use on the way the French really do, recognise and build passive sentences, and read a news report about strikes, politics or the economy without getting lost in acronyms.

52 core words · 14 bonus cognates · 15 phrases

Pronunciation

Reading the news aloud: abbreviations and acronyms

French news is full of sigles (abbreviations). Most are spelled letter by letter, so you need the French letter names, which differ from both German and English.

Letter names that trip you up

Letter French Compare
E /ø/ like German ö in schön, not German /eː/
G /ʒe/ zhay: the English names of G and J are swapped!
J /ʒi/ zhee
I /i/ like German I
U /y/ like German ü in über
R /ɛʁ/ air with a French throat R
W /du.blə.ve/ double v (three syllables!)
Y /i.ɡʁɛk/ i grec, Greek i

Spelled out, letter by letter

Sigle Spoken Meaning
SNCF /ɛs.ɛn.se.ɛf/ national railway
UE /y.ø/ EU (l'Union européenne)
PDG /pe.de.ʒe/ CEO (président-directeur général)
RER /ɛʁ.ø.ɛʁ/ Paris suburban rail
TGV /te.ʒe.ve/ high-speed train
CGT /se.ʒe.te/ a large trade union
TVA /te.ve.a/ VAT (German MwSt.)
CDI /se.de.i/ permanent contract

Read as a word (acronyms)

Some sigles are pronounced like ordinary words: l'ONU /lɔ.ny/ (UN), l'OTAN /lɔ.tɑ̃/ (NATO), le SMIC /smik/ (minimum wage), l'INSEE /lin.se/ (statistics office). Elision and liaison work as with normal words: l'UE /ly.ø/, les ONG /le.zo.ɛn.ʒe/ (NGOs).

Gender follows the full noun

la SNCF (la Société), le PDG (le président), **l'**UE feminine (l'Union), le TGV (le train).

Tip: newsreaders also say numbers fast. 2,5 % = deux virgule cinq pour cent (comma, not point!), 3 Mds € = trois milliards d'euros.

Grammar

On and the passive voice

1. On: the busiest pronoun in French

On always takes the 3rd person singular verb, like German man. But it has several meanings:

Meaning Example Translation
we (spoken, very common) On part demain. We're leaving tomorrow.
people, they En France, on mange tard. In France people eat late.
one, you (general) On ne sait jamais. You never know. / Man weiß nie.
someone On a volé mon vélo. Someone stole my bike.

When on = we, adjectives and participles often agree with the real people: On est fatigués. We're tired. On est arrivées hier (several women).

2. The passive: être + past participle

As in English (be + participle), the passive is built with être, and the participle agrees with the subject like an adjective. The agent is introduced by par (English by, German von).

  • Le projet est examiné par le comité. The project is examined by the committee.
  • La loi a été votée par le Parlement. The law was passed by Parliament.
  • Trois personnes ont été blessées. Three people were injured.
  • Les résultats seront publiés lundi. The results will be published on Monday.

The tense is carried by être:

Tense Form Example
present est + pp La gare est fermée.
passé composé a été + pp La gare a été fermée.
imparfait était + pp La gare était fermée.
future sera + pp La gare sera fermée.

German has two passives (Die Tür wird geschlossen vs Die Tür ist geschlossen). French uses être for both, so La porte est fermée can mean either. Context decides.

With verbs of feeling and some states, the agent often takes de instead of par: Il est aimé de tous. He is loved by everyone. La ville était couverte de neige.

3. French avoids the passive more than English

English says I was told; French says On m'a dit (someone told me). Three common alternatives:

  1. On + active verb: On a annulé le train. The train was cancelled.
  2. Reflexive se: Le français se parle au Québec. French is spoken in Quebec. Ça se vend bien. It sells well.
  3. Se faire + infinitive (to get something done to you, often negative): Il s'est fait voler son portefeuille. He got his wallet stolen. Elle s'est fait arrêter. She got arrested. Je me suis fait couper les cheveux. I had my hair cut.

Note: in se faire + infinitive, fait never agrees: elle s'est fait, not faite.

4. Spotting passives in news texts

Headlines love the passive without être, just the participle:

  • Un ministre entendu par la justice = A minister (has been) questioned by the courts.
  • Trafic perturbé sur la ligne B = Traffic disrupted on line B.
  • Deux suspects arrêtés à Lyon = Two suspects arrested in Lyon.

Look for été + participle, or a participle followed by par: that's your passive.

Cognate pattern

-ée / -é = -y / -ee

Many French nouns in -ée and -é match English words in -y or -ee. The German equivalent often ends in -ität (qualité = Qualität).

French English German
l'armée (f) army die Armee
la vallée valley das Tal
l'allée (f) alley, path die Allee
l'entrée (f) entry, entrance der Eingang
l'assemblée (f) assembly die Versammlung
l'idée (f) idea die Idee
le musée museum das Museum
la purée purée, mash das Püree
l'employé (m) employee der Angestellte
le réfugié refugee der Flüchtling
le comité committee das Komitee
la qualité quality die Qualität
la société society, company die Gesellschaft
la liberté liberty, freedom die Freiheit
l'université (f) university die Universität
la sécurité security, safety die Sicherheit

Traps

  • la journée = the (whole) day, not journey (that's le voyage). Bonne journée ! Have a nice day!
  • l'année = year (think annual), la soirée = evening, party.
  • la fumée = smoke, l'arrivée = arrival: not every -ée has an English twin.
  • Gender: -ée nouns are mostly feminine, but le musée, le lycée, le trophée are masculine. Nouns in -té (la qualité, la société) are feminine.